定义：
以激光器作为光源进行测距。根据激光工作的方式分为连续激光器和脉冲激光器。氦氖、氩离子、氪镉等气体激光器工作于连续输出状态，用于相位式激光测距；双异质砷化镓半导体激光器，用于红外测距；红宝石、钕玻璃等固体激光器，用于脉冲式激光测距。激光测距仪由于激光的单色性好、方向性强等特点，加上电子线路半导体化集成化，与光电测距仪相比，不仅可以日夜作业、而且能提高测距精度，显著减少重量和功耗，使测量到人造地球卫星、月球等远目标的距离变成现实。

概述：
激光测距仪是利用激光对目标的距离进行准确测定(又称激光测距)的仪器。激光测距仪在工作时向目标射出一束很细的激光，由光电元件接收目标反射的激光束，计时器测定激光束从发射到接收的时间，计算出从观测者到目标的距离。
若激光是连续发射的，测程可达40公里左右，并可昼夜进行作业。若激光是脉冲发射的，一般绝对精度较低，但用于远距离测量，可以达到很好的相对精度。
世界上第一台激光器，是由美国休斯飞机公司的科学家梅曼于1960年，首先研制成功的。美国军方很快就在此基础上开展了对军用激光装置的研究。1961年，第一台军用激光测距仪通过了美国军方论证试验，对此后激光测距仪很快就进入了实用联合体。
激光测距仪重量轻、体积小、操作简单速度快而准确，其误差仅为其它光学测距仪的五分之一到数百分之一，因而被广泛用于地形测量，战场测量，坦克，飞机，舰艇和火炮对目标的测距，测量云层、飞机、导弹以及人造卫星的高度等。它是提高坦克、飞机、舰艇和火炮精度的重要技术装备。
由于激光测距仪价格不断下调，工业上也逐渐开始使用激光测距仪。国内外出现了一批新型的具有测距快、体积小、性能可靠等优点的微型测距仪，可以广泛应用于工业测控、矿山、港口等领域。

原理
激光测距仪一般采用两种方式来测量距离：脉冲法和相位法。脉冲法测距的过程是这样的：测距仪发射出的激光经被测量物体的反射后又被测距仪接收，测距仪同时记录激光往返的时间。光速和往返时间的乘积的一半，就是测距仪和被测量物体之间的距离。脉冲法测量距离的精度是一般是在+/- 10厘米左右。另外，此类测距仪的测量盲区一般是1米左右。
激光测距是光波测距中的一种测距方式，如果光以速度c在空气中传播在A、B两点间往返一次所需时间为t，则A、B两点间距离D可用下列表示。
D=ct/2
式中：
D——测站点A、B两点间距离；
c——速度；
t——光往返A、B一次所需的时间。
由上式可知，要测量A、B距离实际上是要测量光传播的时间t，根据测量时间方法的不同，激光测距仪通常可分为脉冲式和相位式两种测量形式。典型的是WILD的DI-3000、真尚有的LDM30X 。
需要注意，测相并不是测量红外或者激光的相位，而是测量调制在红外或者激光上面的信号相位。建筑行业有一种手持式的激光测距仪，用于房屋测量，其工作原理与此相同。

分类
一维激光测距仪
用于距离测量、定位；
二维激光测距仪（Scanning Laser Range finder）
用于轮廓测量，定位、区域监控等领域；
三维激光测距仪（3D Laser Range finder）
用于三维轮廓测量，三维空间定位等领域。
 

Definition: measurements of distances using laser light

More specific terms: phase shift method for distance measurements, time-of-flight measurements, triangulation

Lasers can be used in various ways to measure distances or displacements without physical contact. In fact they allow for the most sensitive and precise length measurements, for extremely fast recordings (sometimes with a bandwidth of many megahertz), and for the largest measurement ranges, even though these qualities are usually not combined by a single technique. Depending on the specific demands, very different technical approaches can be appropriate. They find a wide range of applications, for example in architecture, inspection of fabrication halls, criminal scene investigation (CSI), and in the military.

Techniques for Distance Measurements

Some of the most important techniques used for laser distance meters are as follows:

• Triangulation is a geometric method, useful for distances in the range of ≈ 1 mm to many kilometers.
• Time-of-flight measurements (or pulse measurements) are based on measuring the time of flight of a laser pulse from the measurement device to some target and back again. That method is implemented in various kinds of laser rangefinders. Typical accuracies of simple devices for short distances are a few millimeters or centimeters.
• The phase shift method uses an intensity-modulated laser beam. This principle is also used by some laser rangefinders. One measures the phase shift of an intensity modulation which is related to the time of flight. Compared with interferometric techniques, its accuracy is lower, but it allows unambiguous measurements over larger distances and is more suitable for targets with diffuse reflection.
• Note that the phase shift technique is sometimes also called a time-of-flight technique, as the phase shift is proportional to the time of flight, but the term is more suitable for methods as described above where the time of flight of a light pulse is measured.
• For small distances, one sometimes uses ultrasonic time-of-flight methods, and the device may contain a laser pointer just for getting the right direction, but not for the distance measurement itself.
• Frequency modulation methods involve frequency-modulated laser beams, for example with a repetitive linear frequency ramp. The distance to be measured can be translated into a frequency offset, which may be measured via a beat note of the sent-out and received beam.
• Interferometers allow for distance measurements with an accuracy which is far better than the wavelength of the light used.

Bibliography