定义:自由电子激光是利用自由电子为工作媒质产生的强相干辐射,它的产生机理不同于原子内束缚电子的受激辐射。自由电子激光的概念是John M. J. Madey于1971年在他的博士论文中首次提出的。自由电子激光是激光家族的一个新成员。 由于它的工作介质是自由电子,因此称为自由电子激光。这种激光的特点是激光波长和脉冲结构可以根据需要进行设计,并且能够在大范围内连续调节,有着重要的应用前景。
Definition: laser devices where light amplification occurs by interaction with fast electrons in an undulator
A free electron laser is a relatively exotic type of laser where optical amplification is achieved in an undulator, fed with high energy (relativistic) electrons from an electron accelerator. Such devices have been demonstrated with emission wavelengths reaching from the terahertz region via the mid- and near-infrared, the visible and ultraviolet range to the X-ray region, even though no single device can span this whole wavelength range.
Figure 1: Setup of an undulator, as used in a free electron laser. The periodically varying magnetic field forces the electron beam (blue) on a slightly oscillatory path, which leads to emission of radiation.
In the undulator, a periodic arrangement of magnets (permanent magnets or electromagnets) generates a periodically varying Lorentz force, which forces the electrons to radiate with a frequency which depends on the electron energy, the undulator period, and (weakly) on the magnetic field strength. Both spontaneous and stimulated emission occur, allowing for optical amplification in a certain wavelength range.
The greatest attractions of free electron lasers are:
their ability to be operated in very wide wavelength regions
the large wavelength tuning range possible with a single device
the spectacular performance in extreme wavelength regions, not reachable with any other light source
Compared with other synchrotron radiation sources (pure undulators and wigglers), FELs can generate an output with a much higher spectral brightness and coherence. This is very useful for a number of applications, including fields such as atomic and molecular physics, ultrafast X-ray science, advanced material studies, ultrafast chemical dynamics, biology and medicine.
The big drawback of FELs is that their setups are very large and expensive, so that they can be used only at relatively few large facilities in the world. A highly ambitious free electron laser project is pursued in Hamburg (European XFEL, originally within the TESLA project, now within a European project) [17]. That 3.4 km long XFEL generates hard X-ray output with unprecedented performance features: wavelengths down to 0.05 nm, pulse durations below 100 fs, and extremely high brilliance. The LCLS at SLAC has already achieved lasing wavelengths below 0.15 nm, corresponding to a photon energy of 10 keV.
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The LCLS (Linac Coherent Light Source) at SLAC (Stanford)